Investigation of the unsteady flow has an important role in water conveyance systems. In the present study water conveyance system including the storage tank, Pumping station and pipeline was studied to investigate the maximum pressure due to occurrence of transient flow conditions. The transient condition was started by cutting the power of pumps and in a short time period, the change of flow condition was investigated in the supply collector. The friction losses in transient condition were calculated using Bentley Hammer software. In this process, four methods including steady, quasi steady, unsteady and unsteady Vitkovsky states were used. The pressure was measured by using a fast and sensitive pressure gauge and the observed results were compared with the simulation results and in this process the statistical methods were used. The results showed that there was not time correspondent between the period of cycles. The least amount of error for pressure, gained by method of unsteady Vitkovsky, is equal to 7. 07m water at initial times and 11. 79 m water in data logging period. For the maximum pressure values, maximum difference was obtained by use of unsteady method and the minimum difference by the two methods of steady and quasi steady methods. The maximum difference for the minimum pressure value was obtained for steady and unsteady Vitkovsky methods at initial and ulterior, respectively and its minimum difference was calculated for unsteady method. Increasing wave velocity had a direct effect on the maximum pressures and an inverse impact on the minimum pressures.

Waterhammer phenomenon caused by pump failure and the sudden change of discharge and consequently the flow velocity, creates the sudden variation of pressure and initiates the upsurges and downsurges along the pipeline. If this abnormal pressure change does not control and adjust with an appropriate equipment, it may occur the destructive problems along the unprotected system. In this paper, by developing a computer program and using the method of characteristics, the governing equations of waterhammer phenomenon, on Nahand - Tabriz Pumping station, as a case study, have been analyzed and the appropriate dimension of air chamber to control the surges has been calculated. It is shown that without using this control device, due to path convexity of discharge pipeline, the cavitation phenomenon may occur intensively along the pipeline.

Agricultural water Pumping stations has an important role in water conveyance and distribution, increasing energy and the agricultural water productivity due to its high application in most of irrigation and drainage networks. So incidence of any problem for these installations will cause operation problems and water resources losses. In this study, lack of supplying the proper elevation in the suction part of pumps, was identified as one of the important operational problems, which have harmful consequences such as disability of pumps, reducing the Pumping capacity, economic losses and water users’ dissatisfaction. Reducing the water elevation in the Pumping station occurs because of lack of attention to the hydraulic conditions, improper location of Pumping stations and changes in the normal condition of river. Some problems in many cases, could be solved and be modified by the proper hydraulic methods which are complying with the geometric conditions of region. In this study for Veis Pumping station, after simulation of priming hydraulic from river by SOBEK model, appropriate curative methods were proposed by change in the topography of the river and they were compared with in-situ corrective method. Then, influence of some effective hydraulic parameters on increasing of water level in Pumping suction such as intake canal slope, distance between Pumping station and intake port, water level curve changes in the Pumping phase and changes in river flow regime were investigated. Thus the problem of Pumping stations’ priming on the design and operation phases were evaluated and effective parameters and appropriate criteria are presented for the proposed corrective method.

This paper proposed the effect of using a heat recovery system in the gas turbines of Semnan to Shahroud oil Pumping station in energy conservation point of view. Heating the transferred fl uids is one of the common approaches to reduce fl uids viscosity and energy consumption, respectively. Due to the low effi ciency of station turbines compared to modern turbines, it is expected that the use of heat recovery has a positive effect on improving station performance. By analyzing the combustion products of the gas turbine at the station, the heat extracted from the exhaust gas fl ow has been calculated, which is consumed in the recovery boiler. The pipeline application process, including recovery boiler and main equipment of Semnan and Shahroud Pumping stations, have been modeled. By applying the model, it found that the amount of energy savings by gas-oil heating using a heat exchanger equals 395311 m3 natural gas annually. Therefore, optimal points of using combustion heat in the gas turbine output were obtained. In addition, the reduction of power consumption in the presented station has been calculated. Economic calculations were carried out for different countries, including Iran, Scandinavian countries, China, and the Europian Union average, based on their energy prices and bank interest rates.

Under transient flow condition, the behavior of water conveyance system varies according to their characteristics. In the present study, the pressure was measured using a fast and sensitive pressure gauge in Bukan and Piranshahr water conveyance system. The pressure simulation was conducted using Bentley Hammer software. The friction head loss was calculated by different methods. The results showed that Unsteady Vitkovsky method had minimum error comparing with other methods. Wave velocity increase had direct effect on maximum pressures while velocity decrease affected minimum pressures. In a shorter water conveyance system, the reduction of wave velocity had direct effect on maximum pressure. Destruction to the long conveyance system was more probable and maximum and minimum pressures occurred during the first period. Shorter conveyance system had more pressure fluctuations and the minimum pressure did not occur in the first period. Coincidence of periods happened at the beginning and continued untill the end of data recording in the longer conveyance system. However, as time passed by, such coincidence did not occure in shorter conveyance system.

In recent years, engineers and operators have shown a greater interest in employing optimization method and making networks smart over other costlier and time-consuming approaches such as network rehabilitation, asset management, and network equipment upgrading. In the present study, the daily water consumption in the urban water distribution network is predicted based on four input features: day of the year, day of the week, continuity of holidays, and maximum daily air temperature, using moving average methods, linear regression, some artificial intelligence methods including multilayer perceptron neural network, and radial basis function neural network. Subsequently, based on the predicted values, the optimal scheduling of pump station activation hours is determined considering the hourly consumption pattern and the water levels in the upstream and downstream reservoirs of the Pumping station. This scheduling aims to reduce the electricity cost of the Pumping station with the fixed speed pumps based on different electricity tariffs. The method has been applied to the Najaf Abad urban water network, resulting in a reduction of 1.2% to 13.3% in the electricity cost of the Pumping station compared to the traditional operational mode due to the different time interval parameter values for Pumping.

The major purpose of this study was to examine the perception of member about factor influencing success of electrical water Pumping station cooperatives in the Township of Darehshahr. This research is of applied one and its research method is correlation. Questionnaires were used to collect the data and its validity was confirmed by consultants and experienced experts. The reliability of questionnaire was measured by using Cronbach s Alpha coefficient and it was computed as 0.87. The total population of the study was 461 members of cooperatives and 210 respondents were selected through random sampling. The results of the study show that there was a positive and meaning full relationship between years of membership in cooperatives, educational Factors, psychological Factors, economical Factors, political Factors and social- cultural Factors as well as technical ones with Success of cooperatives Results of regression analysis has indicated that 60 percent of variance was related to psychological and social- cultural variables.

Introduction: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in protecting public health and the environment, but the treatment process itself is energy-intensive. Among the various stages, Pumping stations stand out as major energy consumers, responsible for lifting wastewater through the treatment cycle. Traditionally, these stations have relied on fixed-speed pumps, leading to inefficiencies when dealing with variable inflow rates – a common occurrence in WWTPs. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) offer promising solutions for optimizing pump control strategies and minimizing energy consumption. AI techniques like machine learning and optimization algorithms can analyze real-time data, predict future inflow trends, and dynamically adjust pump speeds accordingly. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of AI-based pump control in reducing energy use by significant margins. This research explores a novel AI-based approach combining the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm and Support Vector Regression (SVR) for optimizing pump speed control in WWTP Pumping stations. GWO, inspired by grey wolf hunting behavior, identifies optimal pump operation parameters to minimize energy consumption. SVR, a machine learning technique, predicts future pump speed requirements based on real-time data and the optimized GWO parameters. Utilizing real-world data from Zahedan Refinery's Pumping station, this study aims to validate the proposed GWO-SVR approach and assess its potential for reducing energy consumption in WWTPs, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability.Materials and Methods:In this section, an optimization model for a wastewater pump is developed and presented. The pump is situated in a reservoir where the inflow pattern is randomly generated based on a real-world measured dataset. The Zahedan Wastewater Treatment Plant is located on a 24-hectare land in the east of the city, designed to serve a population of about 900,000 people in the future. The project includes 17 kilometers of transmission lines, a reservoir, and a Pumping station. The hourly inflow data to the treatment plant was measured for a Pumping station with a constant cross-sectional area of the reservoir of 12 square meters, and a minimum and maximum height of 1 and 9 meters, respectively, in the year 1400 (2021). Based on the 12 month data of 1400, the maximum average wastewater flow rate was 6.99 liters per second in June, and the maximum standard deviation was 68.27 in February (Table 1)The optimization problem is formulated to minimize daily energy consumption for Pumping equation(12).Two models are compared:• Classic Model: Fixed pump speed operation• Optimization Model: GWO-based variable speed control for optimized energy usageSVR is introduced to predict pump speed based on data obtained from the optimization model.Discussion and Results: The GWO algorithm is implemented to identify optimal pump operation parameters (Table 3). The SVR model is then employed to predict pump speed based on these optimized parameters. The optimized model is compared to a fixed-speed system, demonstrating significant energy savings. Figures 4 to 6 show the changes between constant-speed (ηcs) and variable-speed (ηopt) performance based on α and β for different time windows of Zahedan station in 2021. With increasing inflow rates (decreasing α), the variable-speed pump performance improves over the constant-speed pump, widening the gap between ηopt and ηcs. Conversely, with decreasing inflow rates (increasing α), this gap narrows. The parameter β, which regulates pump speed, increases performance for both pump types when raised. These optimizations were performed for 30, 60, and 120 minute time windows in 2021, with the variable-speed pump outperforming the constant-speed pump in all cases. Across all time windows, increasing the inflow rate (smaller α) results in a larger energy saving (ε) for the variable-speed pump over the constant-speed pump. With increasing β, which allows higher pump speeds, ε decreases for the same inflow rates (constant α). This is because at higher β values, the variable-speed pump behaves more like a constant-speed pump. The correlation coefficients comparing these optimization results to simulations in 2021 are 0.9996-0.9999 for pump speed and 0.9976-0.9999 for energy, indicating the high accuracy of the SVR simulations and GWO optimization. Figure 10 compares the optimized GWO and simulated SVR results for pump speed in a 60-minute window, while Figure 11 shows the same for pump energy consumption. The close agreement between the optimization and simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed GWO-SVR model.Conclusions: This study investigated a novel AI-based approach combining the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm and Support Vector Regression (SVR) model for optimizing pump speed control in wastewater treatment plant Pumping stations. The GWO-SVR model demonstrated significant energy savings in the variable-flow Pumping station compared to a fixed-speed system. The SVR model accurately predicted optimal pump speeds based on real-time data and GWO-optimized parameters, enabling efficient, dynamic pump control. The combined GWO-SVR approach provides a practical solution for WWTP operators to optimize pump control, achieve substantial energy savings, and contribute to more sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment practices. Its successful implementation in existing Pumping stations can drive improved operational efficiency and environmental sustainability.Keywords: Energy efficiency - simulation - Pumping station - gray wolf algorithm - support vector regression

Population growth, drought, climate change, and mismanagement policies have strongly affected the existing water resources. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of agricultural water management is setting up and optimizing irrigation and drainage networks for agricultural water. Water experts consider construction and establishment of water Pumping stations in rural areas as one of the important principles of optimal agricultural water management. However, despite the costs incurred, the evidence shows that most of these networks have faced many problems and beneficiaries’ participations in the maintenance of installations have been minimal. Moreover, in the design and implementation of these projects, social studies of the involved regions and the main stakeholders’ opinions about these projects seem to have been ignored. As a result, the efficiency and productivity of such stations, as well as investment in the development of water resources, have decreased. In this regard, several Pumping stations have been built for developing gardens in Kermanshah Province, but almost all of them are inactive for reasons such as the lack of technical and accurate engineering. The only water Pumping station which is ready to operate is in Ghomsheh Village, but many problems occurring from the time of its approval to implementation have led to the villagers’ distrust and pessimism towards the implementation of the project. After taking some steps, the villagers have refused to participate in the project and have not accepted it. However, based on the available evidence, construction of a water Pumping station can have positive benefits for stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of the factors limiting the success of the project of water Pumping station in the village of Ghomsheh Faraman and provide solutions to overcome the mentioned problems. 2- Methodology This study was a qualitative research and a case study in terms of obtaining facts and data processing. The study population included the beneficiaries covering the water Pumping station of Ghomsheh Village, 15 people in Darood Faraman and 11 officials, who were involved in the implementation of this project. The sampling method was purposeful based on semi-structured interviews and the focus groups were used to collect the data. Fifteen and 11 individual interviews with the villagers and the officials involved in the water Pumping station were done, respectively. The average time of the interviews was 40-50 min. The researcher also conducted 2 and 2 focus group interviews with the community of beneficiaries (6-8 people) and the project-related officials (6-7 people), respectively. To analyze the data, the RCA technique was utilized. Root analysis is the process of a structured investigation that aims to identify the real cause of a problem. It is a multi-stage process that includes: 1) problem identification; 2) information gathering; 3) information analysis; and 4) cause-and-effect analysis. To identify the main problem, the interviews were conducted with the project beneficiaries and officials. Then, each of the relevant interviews was transcribed and the key concepts and root causes were extracted after summarizing them. Upon identifying the problem, cause, and root cause during a re-interview with the project beneficiaries and officials, the revitalization strategies of the project implementation were extracted. 3- Discussion A necessary condition for the growth and development of any community, including the village of Ghomsheh Faraman, is creating jobs, which, despite its high importance, has poorly and negatively been done in the mentioned village, thus resulting in increased unemployment and the villagers’ decreased incomes. Construction of this station has not only led to the villagers’ unemployment, but also enhanced their migration and addiction, as well as divorce in some cases. Researchers’ findings in this regard have shown that the project incompatibility with the beneficiaries’ main profession has extended its duration, labors’ abandonment from the village, and lack of diversity of activities in the village as the root of the problems reducing rural incomes and augmenting unemployment. Another major problem for the project of water Pumping station in Ghomsheh Faraman Village has been the villagers’ unwillingness to cooperate with the authorities, which was found to be the dominant and main problem contributing to the project inefficiency in this study. The people’s reluctance towards the project implementation, the beneficiaries’ indecision for accomplishing it, the profiteering views of some of them, their pessimism and distrust towards the officials, as well as the officials’ empty promises and ignorance towards the beneficiaries’ protests and demands were the roots of the problem. Nonetheless, this had not prevented the project construction and implementation, despite the users’ reluctance towards horticulture and even the existence of inadequate feasibility studies, which had temporarily resulted in the waste of resources, stagnation of the station, increased unemployment and migration, return to the primary cultivation method, and the beneficiaries’ pessimism and distrust towards the project. After 8 years from the construction of the project, still, no gardens have been constructed and the agricultural lands have been stagnated, while the beneficiaries have remained undecided whether to continue the path and construct the gardens or return to the primary cultivation method. They are still reluctant to cooperate with the authorities. Another issue was the uncertainty of land ownership. In the lands covered by the station, the issue of ownership was very important with some needs to be considered. Huge investments had been made to control, regulate, transfer, and distribute water by water Pumping stations. The beneficiaries’ participation in the station-related planning was one of the joint strategies expressed by the two groups, which, if implemented, could have a very positive effect on the beneficiaries’ participation, which could then increase their desire for gardening, accepting the station costs, reducing the project time and cost, creating the villagers’ sense of ownership and responsibility so as to take care of the tools and facilities required for the project. Farmers' involvement in irrigation projects is essential since it can enhance their abilities to plan, reduce operating and maintenance costs, and increase their sense of responsibility. To solve the main problems, i.e., lack of diversity of activities in the village and the officials and farmers’ involvement in the project, a joint strategy of the Agricultural Jihad Organization to assist the villagers in the construction of a cattle ranch, as well as growing mushrooms and bees is needed. If such businesses are launched, the villagers’ income would increase and the economic pressures could decrease. In addition, creating jobs in the village could reduce unemployment and poverty, improve life quality, and ultimately lower rural migration. A legal solution to the problem of land ownership was another joint strategy proposed by the officials and beneficiaries of the project to address the root of the problem resulting from lack of attention to the customary-property laws. Implementation of this strategy would give hope to the villagers to realize their rights with the help of the authorities, better accept legal votes by the relevant institutions in this area, and have less opposition in launching and reviving the project. The legal solution to the problem of land ownership would make them feel secure about their properties. Another joint strategy presented by the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project was to solve the root of the problem of management instability. Hiring a professional and consistent manager for the mentioned station would shorten the time of garden construction and implementation of the second phase, while solving the challenges and problems of the project more easily because of the manager's familiarity with the project implementation process. 4- Conclusion To identify the root causes of inefficiency of the water Pumping station in Ghomsheh Village and provide a strategy for solving them, the RCA technique was employed. Following the interviews with the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project, 7 problems of the station inefficiency were identified: lack of the villagers’ willingness to cooperate with the authorities, farmers’ decreased incomes and increased unemployment, lack of land ownership, repetitions of the process and past mistakes, loss of the beneficiaries’ economic livelihood, and imposition of part of the costs on them. Also, such executive strategies as involving the operators in the planning of the station, determining the amount of land covered by the station in the second phase, helping the villagers to establish agricultural projects, finding a legal solution to the problem of agricultural land ownership, beginning and ending the second phase at the announced deadline, using a professional and consistent manager until the end of the project, etc. were proposed.